Minerals formed in Earth's mantle can find their way to the surface over the span of millions of years due to huge geologic effects such as tectonic plate upheaval. They can also be found in the alluvial deposits (rocks and soil deposited by water) along rivers that flow from these areas. They're most common in areas where deep mantle rocks have been pushed to the surface by geological processes. Because diamonds are created under extreme pressure, they form deep within the Earth. Or maybe you're looking for the big score and want to find a diamond.
This mineral is often found near limestone and copper deposits and, within the United States, is most often found in Arizona [source: Cook and Kirk). Let's say you want to find some malachite specimens to add to your gem collection. You'd learn where that bird lives, what trees it nests in, what it eats, and what its migration patterns are - leading you to make its eventual discovery. Compare gem hunting to bird watching - if you want to spot a certain species of bird, you wouldn't aimlessly wander around a forest. You can't just head outside, poke around some rocks and hope to find specific types of gems and crystals.
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